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The elements of hybrid warfare that are currently difficult to perceive will take time to unpack and understand. Policymakers must thoroughly review areas such as conventional warfare, battlefield tactics, motivation and morale, sanctions efforts, and diplomatic approaches in order to prepare for future aggressions. Many lessons of the current war will need to be assessed. adversaries, including China, Iran, North Korea, and Russia, have used these tools to various effect against U.S. Of note, they include “unconventional tactics, from cyberattacks, to propaganda and political warfare, to economic coercion and sabotage, to sponsorship of armed proxy fighters, to creeping military expansionism.” REF They also frequently include advanced technological and informational strategies to allow small nation-states to punch above their weight in non-conventional warfare and are often difficult to attribute to a particular antagonist. They serve vital and everchanging roles in active and low-intensity conflict and are generally ambiguous by design. Today such actions are not unique to the current conflict. Russia’s hybrid tactics are difficult to see as they occur in cyberspace, intelligence-gathering, informational operations, espionage, communication efforts, and in the darkness of space. However, a shadow war has been conducted in parallel-advancing ahead of the first tanks to cross Ukrainian borders-and continuing to this day. These actions are readily apparent to spectators around the world. Kinetic strikes by air and land involving ground troops, tanks, artillery, missiles, and aircraft are happening around the clock throughout the cities and countryside of Ukraine.
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The Russian invasion of Ukraine is of both a scale and type that the world has not seen in tandem for decades. War is a continually evolving architecture, forever changing with the nature of weapons systems, technology, information, and communication development.